Saltpeter tablets medical uses. The English used the ratio of 6 parts of .

Saltpeter tablets medical uses Left: Sumerian medical clay tablet - Medical clay tablet from Nippur dated to about 2200 BC is considered the oldest known Sumerian medical book. Bromine is also used to make various dyes, while silver bromide is used to make photographic film (the stuff they used before digital cameras). Potassium nitrate is a medication used to cauterize small wounds, remove granulation tissue, warts, and verrucae, and treat tooth sensitivity. It can be reduced by microorganisms to produce nitrite and nitric oxide, contributing to the characteristic color of cured meats. Health Benefits of Kalmi Shora 1) Stone Salt regulates blood Sep 22, 2021 · “It is used to preserve meat, temper steel, and to make gunpowder and fireworks. Denitrifying bacteria remove one oxygen atom from the nitrogen Jul 23, 2021 · The compilation of these Minerals and Energy Resources Notes makes students exam preparation simpler and organised. Although typically produced synthetically, mining continues of the natural mineral, which has significant commercial value. The Oct 23, 2025 · The use of Saltpeter Minera Iodine in food processing is expected to grow by 8% annually, driven by government mandates and consumer health awareness. To make saltpeter from urine you need only a couple of ingredients, urine and organic matter. As the primary ingredient in gunpowder, saltpeter was an extraordinarily important commodity in the early modern world. It is an important component of fertilizers, explosives, food preservatives, propellants and toothpaste for sensitive teeth. Saltpeter has gone by a number of names, including "nitrated sodium salts" or simply "niter. Its chemical formula, KNO3, indicates it consists of potassium, nitrogen, and oxygen. Saltpeter, also known as potassium nitrate, is a naturally occurring mineral that has been used for centuries in various applications, from food preservation to fireworks production. Learn how potassium nitrate for teeth improves oral health. It is also used as a color fixative in some types of sausage. Oct 9, 2016 · Saltpeter: A Concise History and the Discovery of Dr. Let the solution evaporate and you'd get something called Pot Ash. Does saltpeter taste like salt? Ordinary saltpetre. It has wireless connectivity and allows medical professionals to access patient Our food grade Potassium Nitrate, also known as saltpeter, is a historical curing agent used in the production of cured meats and charcuterie. Initially he had a potassium of 7. The deposits in the great limestone caves of Kentucky, Virginia, and Indiana have probably been derived from Apr 22, 2008 · We provide here a brief historical account of the medical uses of nitrite and nitrate over the centuries that may serve as a basis for a careful reassessment of the health implications of their exposure and intake and may inform investigations into their therapeutic potential in the future. Some treatments were likely based on empirically discovered characteristics of the ingredients used, while others were less based in effectiveness and more based in the attribution of superstitious or symbolic qualities. The device has a durable touchscreen, specifically designed with a fast-paced, hospital environment in mind. One of the causes of mass deforestation at the time since it was so useful. 2008;117:2151-2159. Nov 20, 2017 · The earliest known medical records go back to the ancient Mesopotamia and begin in Sumer about 3,000 BC. In this article, we’ll delve Jun 10, 2025 · You used to be able to buy potassium nitrate as saltpeter in many garden supply stores. Its unique properties make it valuable in manufacturing, healthcare, agriculture, and more. Ed Polenski By Eben van Tonder October 2016 Cape Town Also, see Bacon & the Art of Living, Chapter 08. Source: Samuel N. Saltpeter, also known as potassium nitrate, has been a highly valued commodity throughout history. This detailed article will Salt peter, also known as potassium nitrate, has been used for centuries in various applications, including food preservation, gunpowder production, and even as a medicinal agent. How Saltpeter is effective for various diseases is listed in repertory format. 1 Among the treatments available, herbs, animal products and minerals were prescribed for various common ailments. ' National security depended on control of this organic material - that had both mystical and mineral properties. Jul 19, 2023 · Fifty-two disease prescriptions, the earliest existing medical classic, recorded the clinical application of 20 kinds of mineral drugs, such as realgar, cinnabar, saltpeter, gypsum, calamine, and ochre. Jul 7, 2022 · It’s used for food preservation and color retention, particularly in cured meats such as bacon, bologna, corned beef, ham, hot dogs and pepperoni, though potassium nitrate has been replaced in most cases by sodium nitrate/nitrite. As with any substance, it is essential to use saltpeter in moderation and follow strict guidelines and regulations to minimize the risk of adverse effects. Our food grade Potassium Nitrate, also known as saltpeter, is a historical curing agent used in the production of cured meats and charcuterie. Its role as an oxidizer allowed for the rapid combustion of fuel and the generation of expanding gases necessary to propel projectiles from firearms and cannons. However, saltpeter also has a range of potential health benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and potential benefits for cardiovascular health. Sep 28, 2017 · Saltpeter is an ancient food additive. However, there are risks in using saltpeter. Until recently it was thought that saltpetre had no biological action except as a Feb 8, 2012 · Like saltpeter, it has other medical uses. While it is not a nutrient essential for human health, it can indirectly impact nutrition through its various applications. A first century Roman named Epicius, wrote a recipe to promote regularity entitled “Oxyporum” or “Easy Passage,” listing salt peter and dates as ingredients. Jan 8, 2025 · Potassium nitrate, also known as saltpeter, is a chemical compound commonly used in food preservation and agriculture. The story that this chemical was put into soldiers’ food to decrease their sex drive is a total myth. Oct 1, 2025 · Saltpeter Minera Iodine is a versatile substance with applications spanning various industries. In this article, we will delve into the world of salt peter, exploring its history, uses, and most Oct 9, 2014 · According to the myths, various substances — usually saltpeter —have been placed in the wine, coffee, tea or food by the military, boys schools, prisons or any other system in which stress Nov 19, 2024 · Did the Military Use Saltpeter? Yes, the military definitively used saltpeter (potassium nitrate) extensively, primarily as a crucial ingredient in gunpowder. Jun 25, 2024 · Saltpeter is a unique ingredient that has been used in cooking for centuries. Historians of science and technology have long studied its military applications but have rarely focused on its uses outside of This old legend might be the first military myth new recruits come across. Depending on the absorbed dose, exposure method, and length of exposure, heavy metals in diet may have a negative impact on human health. Nov 10, 2024 · Explore the historical uses and manufacturing of saltpeter, its cultural impact, decline, and modern applications. Saltpeter is Potassium Nitrate like the other commenter said but Potassium is named by how it was discovered. This has recently been challenged. While historically crucial for gunpowder production, modern military explosives have largely transitioned to more powerful, stable, and controllable compounds. This naturally occurring mineral has played a significant role in various aspects of human life, from ancient times to the present day. Without saltpeter, cannons would be silent, muskets useless A 37-year-old man presented to the emergency department after an attempt to self-treat his priapism with saltpeter (K+NO3). Apr 18, 2024 · Why Did the Military Use Saltpeter? The military used saltpeter, also known as potassium nitrate (KNO3), primarily as a crucial ingredient in the production of gunpowder. It is primarily known for its use as a fertilizer and in the manufacture of explosives, but it has also found a place in food preservation and the production of curing agents in meats. com Feb 22, 2017 · News Analysis Does The Military Really Use Saltpeter To Kill Troops’ Libidos? Sarah Sicard Published Feb 21, 2017 10:53 PM EST Cressy, David This is the story of saltpeter, the vital but mysterious substance craved by governments from the Tudors to the Victorians as an 'inestimable treasure. Aug 8, 2024 · Why is saltpeter used in curing meats? Saltpeter helps to preserve meat by inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria. Dec 19, 2023 · Does the military use saltpeter? Yes, the military has used saltpeter, also known as potassium nitrate, for centuries. It inhibits the growth of harmful bacteria, particularly Clostridium botulinum (the bacteria responsible for botulism), and contributes to the characteristic color and flavor development of cured meats like bacon, ham, and sausages. Jun 29, 2009 · Today ethylene dibromide is used as a pesticide. Saltpeter is used to preserve food by inhibiting the growth of bacteria. While potassium nitrate is often lauded for its benefits, there are increasing concerns about its potential harmful effects on human health. As in Potassium. Search 24,000+ prescription, OTC, and natural medications. Black powder, oxidized with salt peter, is still used for small novelty explosives, such as fireworks and model rockets, though firearms typically use newer types of gunpowder. In this article, we will delve into the past uses of saltpeter, exploring its applications in medicine, food preservation, warfare, and other industries. AI generated definition based on: Handbook on Natural Pigments in Food and Beverages (Second Apr 24, 2017 · Also known as saltpeter, potassium nitrate is a white crystallized compound composed of potassium, nitrogen and oxygen. Saltpeter can be found in various forms, including powder, granules, and crystals. This alkali metal nitrate salt is also known as Chile saltpeter (large deposits of which were historically mined in Chile) [4][5] to distinguish it from ordinary saltpeter, potassium nitrate. Depending on where For tooth sensitivity, consider potassium nitrate toothpaste, recommended by dentists for its benefits. When the amount used is over 3. It has been used in gunpowder and explosives, but its use has diminished over time with the development of more modern materials. ) Mar 3, 2023 · What Is Saltpeter Used For In Cooking Saltpeter is also known as potassium nitrate. This powerful substance is believed to have the power to purify, protect, and enhance spiritual intentions Ways to Use Saltpeter Spiritual Bath - Mix 1 tablespoon of Saltpeter with 1 cup of cascarilla and 5 blue balls, and add the mixture to your bath to eliminate Aug 7, 2025 · However, saltpeter, chemically known as potassium nitrate, has a variety of uses beyond its explosive applications, including as a food preservative and in the creation of certain types of glass and ceramics. The surgical treatise written by Felix Wurtz told readers ‘I will teach you, how the aforesaid Saltpeter is to be prepared for Wounds made with shot’. Even though the amount of surviving medical textual information from Mesopotamia may be greater than what survived from Egypt, comparing the quantities of the two sources of ancient medical Aug 5, 2025 · However, modern medicine has developed more targeted diuretic medications for specific conditions, and the use of Potassii Nitras for such purposes is limited. 05 The Polenski Letter Overview Many years ago people used saltpeter to cure meat. Organic nitrates (eg, nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate, and isosorbide mononitrate) are widely used as vasodilators for the treatment of ischemic heart disease and heart failure. Names of Saltpeter in various languages of the world are also given. Early gunpowder makers used different ratios of these three components to produce gunpowder. You would burn hardwood until you get ash, mix the ash with water and then strain it into a thin layer in a pot. Nov 1, 2017 · Like gunpowder itself, saltpeter was also thought to be beneficial for those who had been burned or shot. For instance, too much of it can be toxic. According to Ayurvedic principles, Kalmi Shora effectively treats kidney stones, high blood pressure, and urinary infections. Sodium nitrate is a white deliquescent solid very soluble in water We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Mar 31, 2025 · Potassium nitrate (KNO3), known historically as saltpeter or the mineral niter, is a common salt with multiple uses. Saltpeter or Potassium Nitrate Saltpeter or potassium nitrate, KNO3 is a natural mineral source found on earth. It occurs in nature as a mineral, niter (or nitre outside the United States). I wondered what it was and who was the first to link saltpeter to nitrite formation … Continue reading Saltpeter: A Concise History and the Discovery of Dr Feb 26, 2019 · I wonder if that is true and, if so, whether there is any connection to saltpeter and prostate problems. Dec 27, 2024 · The Military’s Secret Weapon: Unveiling the Power of Saltpeter Saltpeter, also known as potassium nitrate (KNO3), was a crucial ingredient in early military applications, primarily serving as an oxidizer in gunpowder. What exactly is saltpeter?Saltpeter is also known as potassium nitrate and it is this substance which is used to cure meat and hence serves as a Saltpeter, often overshadowed by more common culinary ingredients, offers a myriad of uses in the kitchen that might surprise many home chefs. Saltpeter, also known as Saltpeter, Nitre, or Niter, any of these three are naturally occurring nitrates, which are distinguished as (1) Ordinary saltpeter, or potassium nitrate that is KNO3 (2) Chile Saltpetre, also cubic niter, or the sodium nitrate, NaNO3 (3) Lime saltpeter, wall saltpeter, also known as calcium nitrate Ca (NO3)2. Hormonal birth control, drugs meant to fight breast cancer and prostate cancer all mess with people’s hormones, thus indirectly decreasing sex drive. Oct 2, 2025 · Medical information for Salt Peter including its dosage, uses, side, effects, interactions, pictures and warnings. It is used to preserve meat, temper steel, and to make gunpowder and fireworks. Despite the combined efforts of science, health education, and common sense, somehow, the myth of the military adding saltpeter to the food or beverages in basic training still persists. By the end of the third century BCE Chinese medicine was emerging from the use of charms and spells and acquiring elements that we might now rec-ognise as evidence-based medicine. Find patient medical information for Saltpeter (Potassium Nitrate) on WebMD including its uses, side effects and safety, interactions, pictures, warnings and user ratings. Saltpeter refers to naturally occurring nitrate, often associated with sodium chloride (table salt), historically used in curing meat and found in impure forms of salt. The mineral form is also known as nitratine, nitratite or soda niter. Saltpeter, also called potassium nitrate (sometime also sodium nitrate is used), is one of the drawbacks of using a blended incense cone or stick, as nearly all contain saltpeter in order to help them burn. Derived from soil enriched with dung and urine, it provided the heart or 'mother' of gunpowder, without which no Apr 19, 2023 · GHANA WEATHER - WeatherWidget. This mineral is used for curing ham, as well as different types of preserved fish and meats. Aug 12, 2001 · Saltpeter has a long history of medical use. Salt peter was one of the ingredients of the first gunpowder, black powder. Its long-standing association with military rations raises questions Saltpeter in the Military What is saltpeter used for and is it true it reduces certain … Saltpeter Herb Uses, Benefits, Cures, Side Effects, Nutrients Saltpeter (Potassium Nitrate): Uses, Side Effects, … Saltpeter or Potassium Nitrate Facts - ThoughtCo What Are Some of the Uses of Saltpeter? - Reference. This salt consists of potassium cations K+ and nitrate anions NO− 3, and is therefore an alkali metal nitrate. . It was discovered that saltpeter or potassium nitrate do not directly contribute to meat curing. Using urine is an old school method for manufacturing saltpeter. Today salt peter is used Jan 4, 2014 · Does Saltpeter Reduce Sex Drive? Saltpeter is a common term for potassium nitrate. See full list on britannica. For organic matter you can use straw with straw being nothing more than cut grass. Demand the highest quality Potassium Nitrate. Sausage that is made with saltpeter will have a pinkish color. We provide here a brief historical account of the medical uses of nitrite and nitrate over the centuries that may serve as a basis for a careful reassessment of the health implications of their exposure and intake and may inform investigations into their therapeutic potential in the future. Keep reading if you want to learn how to make saltpeter without buying anything. Dec 1, 2021 · Natural Places to Find Saltpeter. com Aug 9, 2024 · Saltpeter, or potassium nitrate, is a chemical compound that has been widely used in fertilizers, food preservation, making gunpowder, and more. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Learn about its significance. Why would the Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, or Marine Corps do such a thing? Aug 3, 2020 · Kalmi Shora in Ayurveda Ayurveda has used Kalmi Shora for many years due to its high potassium, oxygen, and nitrogen content. nl/asme Saltpetre in Early and Medieval Chinese Medicine Anthony Butler and John Moffett Abstract Saltpetre, xiaoshi (消石), was used extensively in early and medieval Chinese medicine for the treatment of a number of common ailments and as a general aid to good health. Salt Petre can be used in meat curing projects like salami and sausage. Organic nitrates such as nitroglycerin also are used in explosives. However, as Herbal medicine and other pharmaceuticals were ubiquitously used tools of asu physicians in ancient Mesopotamia. “We used to do what!?” Three legends in our profession share surprising and educational stories on how far we’ve come in understanding the science behind hydration and keeping athletes safe. Saltpeter has a long history of being used in the production of gunpowder, as it is an essential ingredient. 6 with electrocardiographic changes and a markedly elevated CO2. Chinese herbal remedies we still have with us but the use of minerals has diminished, in spite of its We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The English used the ratio of 6 parts of Jan 10, 2025 · Potassium nitrate, also known as saltpeter, has been a significant compound in various industries, from agriculture to food preservation. Has the military ever addressed the saltpeter myth directly? Because clay tablets, especially those baked in fires, were more durable than papyrus rolls, more original source material regarding medicine survived from Mesoptomia than from ancient Greece or Rome. It is a potassium salt of nitric acid. A worker collects effloresced saltpeter from deposits, transporting it then to be concentrated in the factory (A) boilers. Prehispanic Mesoamericans fashioned tortillas from maize and saltpeter. It has oxidizing properties that make it Apr 8, 2016 · During the Vietnam War, the U. Its presence enabled the rapid combustion necessary for firearms and explosives, transforming warfare for centuries. For instance, the Germans used a ratio of 4 parts of saltpeter, 1 part of charcoal and 1 part of sulfur by weight in the 1500s. It plays a few key roles in the curing process: Color preservation: Potassium nitrate helps prevent the cured meat from losing its pink color and turning a grayish-brown. The potassium and carbon dioxide normalized in less than 24 hours with standa … Micromedex Consumer Information (Advanced) Micromedex Advanced Consumer Information provides comprehensive consumer information pertaining to a wide variety of drugs, such as a list of commonly used brand names, drug descriptions, warnings and precautions, and detailed information on the proper use of each drug. " It is a historically critical component of the black powder used in early firearms. Its role in propellants and explosives made it indispensable for armed forces around the world for centuries. 5 Until recently, it has been accepted that the formulation of gunpowder has always been based on variable mixtures of charcoal, sulphur and potassium nitrate. “Saltpetre,” (the term refers either to potassium or sodium nitrate) has no effect on carnal urges. Saltpeter, also known as potassium nitrate, is a mineral that is found in the earth’s crust. It and other nitrates were employed by doctors during the 18th century to treat such varied problems as asthma, sore throats, and arthritis. Feb 27, 2019 · I wonder if that is true and, if so, whether there is any connection to saltpeter and prostate problems. Flavor development: It contributes to the characteristic savory flavor of cured We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Food additives are used to enhance freshness, safety, appearance, flavour, and texture of food. The legend says they would add saltpeter to any or all of the food served in order to control the sexual urges of its young recruits. Ed Polenske By Eben van Tonder October 2016 Cape Town PDF: saltpeter-a-concise-history-and-the-discovery-of-dr-ed-polenske Overview Many years ago people used saltpeter to cure meat. Despite these uses, the ingestion of saltpeter can have significant effects on the human body, ranging from mild to severe. Explore expert answers on its effects, including potential permanent impotence risks. A: The belief that saltpeter (potassium nitrate) will reduce sex drive is an urban legend. Tenderization: Saltpeter helps to break down proteins in meat, making it more tender and easier to chew. Peer-reviewed, clinically sourced drug information for safer, smarter health decisions. Feb 26, 2016 · Chemically speaking, the three components are really Potassium Nitrate (from the saltpeter), Carbon (from the charcoal) and Sulfur. Discover the medical term for "soft peter" and learn how it's taken. In this article, we will explore the question, “What is saltpeter used for in cooking?” and delve into its diverse uses in the culinary world. Tablets for healthcare providers enable secure data access, telehealth, and patient monitoring with medical-grade durability and customization. This involved removing its ‘naughty humidity’. Saltpeter is the popular name for the chemicals potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate. Understanding Saltpeter: What Is It? Saltpeter, or potassium nitrate, is a chemical compound composed of potassium, nitrogen, and oxygen. Thus, bacteria growth can be prevented. It also reacts with myoglobin, a protein in meat, to give cured meats their characteristic pink or red color. 2200 BC. Jun 15, 2010 · A look at those age-old saltpeter rumors. Prepare to gain a newfound appreciation for this traditional ingredient that has managed Feb 28, 2025 · When used correctly and in appropriate quantities, saltpeter can be safe for use in cooking, particularly in meat curing and preservation. What is Salt Peter? Saltpeter, also known as potassium nitrate (KNO3), is a chemical compound that consists of potassium, nitrogen, and oxygen. Mar 20, 2017 · What is saltpeter used for and is it true it reduces certain “carnal urges?” The second part of the question is easy to answer. Precautions: Potassii Nitras should be used with caution, and its medical use should be supervised by qualified healthcare professionals. ioBy Rachel Kakraba It is loved by many for the magic it gives to their meals. Nov 30, 2023 · Short Answer: You might crave saltpeter because of low energy, potassium deficiency, habit, or medical condition. Uses, Benefits, Cures, Side Effects, Nutrients in Saltpeter. A concentrated solution of potassium nitrate speeds up decomposition of vegetable matter such as tree stumps. Its distinctive properties have made it a popular choice for various culinary applications. Most commonly used in fireworks, matches and fertilizer, its medical applications include diuretics to reduce high blood pressure. Used since time immemorial in traditional Ghanaian homes, it is worth finding out more about, this condiment called “saltpetre”. Jan 15, 2017 · Saltpeter: A Concise History and the Discovery of Dr. A saltpetre works or nitrary[1] is a place of production of potassium nitrate or saltpetre used primarily for the manufacture of gunpowder. ” But there’s no chemical proof that saltpeter has ever had any impact on the male sex drive. How many of us use saltpeter in our households especially for cooking? Is it quite safe for us to consume or there is a recommended intake?This article is brief but informative, so read to find out the answers to things you have been wondering about. However, it is crucial to adhere to recommended dosage guidelines as excessive consumption can lead to health risks. Potassium nitrate is a chemical compound with a sharp, salty, bitter taste and the chemical formula KNO3. It is used in cooking as a food preservative and as a color fixative in some types of sausage. Where to Buy Saltpeter for Cooking Now that we’ve explored the uses and benefits of saltpeter in cooking, it’s time to find out where to buy it. Despite its widespread use, saltpeter can be challenging to find in local grocery stores, leaving many to wonder if it’s even possible to purchase it at their neighborhood market. Saltpeter, known chemically as potassium nitrate (KNO3), has played a pivotal role in the Army and military history. The Chinese invented “sorbet” by chilling syrup to sub-freezing using saltpeter and snow. Apr 10, 2013 · The ProScribe by Barco has been described as ‘the ideal mobile point-of-care display for physicians and nurses who need to stay connected when moving from patient to patient’ by experts at Medical Expo. From early firearms to powerful artillery, saltpeter fueled military might. A typical nitrary (Germany, circa 1580) with leaching deposits (C) filled with decaying vegetal material mixed with manure. Today, it has many uses in both the laboratory and the larger world. This article will delve into the fascinating world of saltpeter, exploring its applications in cooking, its historical significance, and the various forms it takes. S. When food is cured, this keeps moisture away from it. Kramer, History begins at Sumer; Right: Treatment of a patient. It also offers digestive, hypotensive, lithotriptic, and anti-asthmatic benefits. Saltpeter is the common name for potassium nitrate (KNO3). Are suggestions from a cross-section of the public linking Saltpetre to food poisoning founded? Is there any regulatory policy on its usage in the country Sodium nitrate is the chemical compound with the formula NaNO 3. com. While it is difficult to find saltpeter, you can still purchase potassium nitrate, which is used to make smoke bombs and certain other fireworks. Burning Question: Does the military try to suppress the sex drive of recruits? A look at those age-old saltpeter rumors. Exercise extreme caution while using this product. Food Preservation Potassium nitrate is often used in curing meats to prevent bacterial growth and spoilage. List of various diseases cured by Saltpeter. Know about technical details of saltpeter like: chemical name, chemistry structure, formulation, uses, toxicity, action, side effects and more at Pharmacompass. military plied its servicemen with speed, steroids, and painkillers to help them handle extended combat. Bismuth subnitrate, ammonium nitrate, and silver nitrate are used in antidiarrheal drugs, cold packs, and topical burn medications, respectively Saltpeter, also known as potassium nitrate, is a versatile spiritual ingredient with a long history of use in spiritual practices. Asian Medicine 5 (2009) 173–185 brill. [7] It is a source of nitrogen, and nitrogen was named after Aug 20, 2024 · Does the Military Still Use Saltpeter? The direct answer is: No, the military generally does not use saltpeter (potassium nitrate) as a primary explosive ingredient in modern munitions. However, despite its widespread use, salt peter can have severe side effects on human health and the environment. (Circulation. The X-Ray Magick herbs used in traditional and folkloric African-American, Asian, and Latin American occult rituals and magic spells. What Is Saltpeter Used For In Cooking? Saltpeter, chemically known as potassium nitrate (KNO₃), is primarily used in cooking as a curing agent for meats. rrybzjv jlev ohanky yewehee qzvdy qehys jvzulor guu gujrqi jltekqo dmmbs cgyuu hoiw fpbbf hndx