Williams fj33 fuel. The FJ33-5A also powers the Flaris LAR 1, a single .

Williams fj33 fuel The FJ33-5A also powers the Flaris LAR 1, a single 6 days ago · WILLIAMS FJ33-4 Engine Manufacturer: WILLIAMS Model: FJ33-4 Details on the WILLIAMS FJ33-4 aircraft engine, based on current FAA records. Dec 15, 2009 · Diamond D-Jet Price: $1. Engine two 1,100-lb. Performance Takeoff* 2036 ft. Like the G1, the latest Vision Jet is powered by a Williams International FJ33-5A turbofan that produces 1846 pounds of thrust. There is a single. Fuel capacity 300. Jun 2, 2021 · The NETAVIO CJ4 faithfully replicates the Williams FJ44-4A turbofan engines. While the Williams FJ33-5A has a robust FADEC that protects against hot starts, the pilot still monitors the start process for abnormal conditions. 7 in. ENGINE Manufacturer Model Thrust (Approx. ) SINGLE FJ33, 1200lbf,pressurized to 41,000’, 4 The Williams International FJ33 is a family of turbofan jet engines intended for use in very light jet aircraft. CORRECTIONS:👉 Bypass popout pin is for impending oil filter bypass, not 'fuel Powered by a Williams FJ33-5A turbofan engine, the Cirrus Vision Jet SF50 G2 delivers 1,846 pounds of thrust, allowing it to reach a maximum cruise speed of 311 knots (357 mph). The Williams FJ33 is a family of turbofan jet engines intended for use in very light jet aircraft. Diamond officials said airframe drag reduction would further decrease the fuel burn in production airplanes. 6. PERFORMANCE: Top cruise 412 kts. Rework the HP Turbine Combustor / Fuel Slinger Module in accordance with service letter WISL-72-1116. The FJ33 is a scaled-down version of the FJ44 engine. The FJ33 was originally certified in 2004 Additionally, why is the Visionjet (turboprop like performance @ a higher fuel burn) so popular while the company that produces the Eclipse has since gone bankrupt? Cirrus Vision Jet G2: 31,000 ft @ 311 Knots (1x Williams FJ33-5a, 1,846 lbf) Eclipse 550: 41,000 ft @ 375 Knots (2x PW610F, 900 lbf each, 1800 lbf total) Dec 27, 2021 · The Williams International FJ33-5A powerplant produces about 1,846 pounds of thrust. Jul 22, 2021 · The Williams International FJ33-5A engine has been awarded type certification and production certification by the FAA for an improved hot/high thrust rating. Williams International’s company culture embraces ingenuity, collaboration, and continuous improvement in all aspects of our business. 89 million Engine make/model: Williams FJ33-5A-19 turbofan Max ramp weight (lbs) 5690 Useful load (lbs. Empty wt. The FJ33 series builds on the success of the larger FJ44 engine used in business jets, showcasing Williams FJ33 engine’s advancements. Jun 9, 2016 · The FJ33-5A joins a comprehensive product line of FJ33 and FJ44 engines that covers the thrust spectrum from 1000 to 3800 pounds thrust. 5 Wingspan: 37 ft. Seating capacity: 2+3 PERFORMANCE Max cruise speed (KTAS): […] Mar 5, 2025 · Explore the detailed operating costs of the Cirrus Vision SF50, including fuel, maintenance, insurance, and more. Aug 15, 2000 · Williams International, based in Walled Lake, Michigan, says the first production-configured FJ33 has bettered weight and specific fuel consumption targets and demonstrated low vibration and oil The document is a Type Certificate Data Sheet No. The more you fly, the more fuel you burn. 3. The use of icing inhibitors is optional for the FJ44-1AP, FJ44-2C, FJ44-3A, FJ44-3A-24, FJ44-4A, FJ44-4A-QPM and FJ33-5A engines models. 40 pounds per pound-force-hour The FJ33's compact design and modular architecture make it an ideal choice for a wide range of aircraft applications Nov 29, 2017 · One Aviation Corp. ): 2240 Max fuel (lbs. Maintenance costs for the first five years are projected to be around $50,000 annually. Fuel is distributed and atomized by a slinger ring. FJ33-5A: is similar to the Model FJ44-3AP, with smaller diameter and thrust rating. Feb 23, 2024 · The Williams FJ33-5A turbofan engine and carbon fiber fuselage make it nimble and efficient. This service document revises the FJ44-3A/3A-24 Line Maintenance Manual and FJ44-3A (67000-202) Line Maintenance Manual 05-20-00-601 Scheduled Maintenance Checks to extend the CSI (even numbered Major Periodic Inspections) interval 500 hours for TAP engines. Stall 78 kts. thrust) Dual Channel Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) Cirrus Airframe Parachute System® (CAPS®) 300 lb. The Williams FJ33-5A engine on the Vision Jet G2 produce 1,846 lbs thrust flat rated to ISA + 10°C. 2,900. 44. In total, Williams FJ series engines power over 3,000 business jets across the globe. 36-0. Oil: One (1) Williams International FJ33-5A turbofan engine Type Certificate E3GL Jet A, Jet A-1 or JP-8 Refer to applicable manuals Diamond Aircraft has selected a newer, higher nominal thrust engine in the same Williams engine family for the D-JET – the FJ33-4A-19. FJ33-5A-12 will allow the aircraft to not only meet, but exceed the performance goals established for the project. “The FJ33 family is based in a large part on our highly successful FJ44 plus an infusion of ongoing component technology improvements” says Gregg Williams, President and COO of Williams Apr 22, 2024 · The Cirrus SF50 Vision Jet is a v-tailed, single-engine, very lightweight jet (VLJ) aircraft and one of the more unique aircraft in the category. Jul 28, 2025 · The engine represents decades of engineering expertise in developing small turbofan engines. [Credit: Stephen Yeates] Flash-forward to July this year. Dec 27, 2023 · Number five on our list of private aircraft with the lowest fuel burn is the Brazillian-manufactured Embraer Phenom 100, a popular small jet. Engine configuration is believed to be a single stage fan, with booster stage/s, driven by a 2 stage LP turbine, supercharging a centrifugal HP compressor, driven by… This document provides an overview of the major components and operation of the FJ33-5A jet engine. Jun 21, 2025 · The Williams FJ33 features a thrust-to-weight ratio of 5. Engine configuration is believed to be a single stage fan,… May 4, 2024 · “With the G2+ Vision Jet, the Williams FJ33-5A engine has been finely tuned with a newly optimized thrust profile that provides up to 20% increased performance during take-off – providing added reassurance in hot temperatures and high elevations and access to additional airports at popular destinations across the globe. Pressurized Cabin We offer a wide range of services including maintenance, inspections, repairs, overhauls, avionics updates and installations, dynamic propeller balancing, engine tuning, and fuel system setups & upgrades. The aircraft program was launched in 2005 and performed its first flight in July 2007. It describes the twin spool design with low and high pressure shafts, and identifies the key components including the intake, fan, compressors, turbines, combustor section, and accessory gearbox. ” With a 1,900-lb nominal thrust versus 1,564 lbs for the originally planned FJ33-4A-15, the FJ33-19 also offers a potential future performance upgrade path for the D-Jet, according to the company. Oct 1, 2009 · It all depends on balancing the airframe’s final drag and the derating of the Williams FJ33-5A engine to reduce fuel burn while maintaining performance. [7] Various functions, such as engine startup and over-speed selection prevention, have been automated and are seamlessly performed by the FADEC system. In addition, a new FADEC system consisting of dual channel Engine Control Unit (ECU) and Fuel Control Unit (FCU) has been incorporated. For the Williams International FJ33-5A engine common concerns may include: Rough operation or instability in RPM: This may be due to issues with the fuel, ignition system, or damage within the engine itself. The Cirrus Vision Jet SF50 is powered by the Williams International FJ33-5A turbofan engine. Oct 12, 2024 · The Williams FJ33 is a family of turbofan jet engines intended for use in very light jet aircraft. of takeoff thrust at its full rating, but will be de-rated for installation on “Canada” to just under 1200 lb. The Williams FJ44-4A engines each produce 3,621 pounds of static takeoff thrust at sea level, flatrated to 26˚C. Obstacle 3192 ft. Williams International started out with marine turboshafts and APUs before getting into small turbofan engines. For long-range cruise, we turned in 252 KTAS burning 332 pph/50 gph. Climb rate 3,000 fpm. The VISION SF50 seats up to 6 passengers plus 1 pilot (s). Diamond indicated that the advantages of the FJ33-5A included better bleed air handling and improved specific fuel consumption. Jan 19, 2023 · The single Williams FJ33 turbofan gives a max cruise speed of 358 mph (311 kn) and an average fuel burn of 50 gph. 907 kg Engine Manufacturer Williams International Model FJ33-5A Thrust 1800 lbs. Jet engine failures are very rare. The FJ33/FJ44 family of fanjet engines began with the introduction of the simple yet rugged FJ44-1A, and there are currently more than 5,700 FJ44 engines in service with an accumulated 13 million hours in Jun 20, 2023 · The FJ33-5A engine has the function of reducing fuel consumption and speed check, making the operating cost of the aircraft very low, 600 US dollars per hour. As an avgeek and corporate pilot, I remember when Cirrus announced the development of their very own personal jet, one they simply dubbed “The Jet”. ) TWIN turbofan, FJ22, pressurized to 25,000’,4 place, retractable, 350knots 4. IM. 3:1, offering exceptional power and efficiency The engine's high-bypass turbofan design enables remarkable fuel efficiency, with an SFC of 0. Small jets are a popular For the G2+ Vision Jet, the Williams FJ33-5A engine was perfectly tuned. ): 8000@FL250 Pressurization (psi): 5. The engine line has since expanded to four models that improve performance through technology upgrades while maintaining common installation across airplane families. The Williams FJ33-5A-12 is a medium-bypass turbofan capable of producing up to 1900 lbs. What is the TBO (time between overhauls) on the SF50 Vision Jet G2 engines? Starting the Vision Jet To start the G2, you simply turn the start knob to run and push the button. With the introduction of the G2+ Vision Jet, the Williams FJ33-5A engine has been finely tuned with an expanded flight envelope to FL310* and the addition of newly optimized thrust to broaden your range with access to more airports and weather conditions. The engine features excellent thrust-to-weight ratio, fuel efficiency, and low acquisition and operating cost developing between 1,000 to1,500-lb of thrust. Total Production : ? The Williams International FJ33 is a jet engine designed to power light jets in the 5,000 to 9,000 pounds (2,200 to 4,000 kg) of maximum takeoff weight category. The engine is equipped with an inverted oil system to permit aerobatic manoeuvres. ) TRAINER single FJ22 turbofan, 600lbf, 3 place, fixed gear, 250knots. Install the HP turbine rotor assembly containing a P/N 59387 or 223704 HPT disk in accordance with TASK 72-00-51-420-801 of the applicable Engine Manual. Aug 25, 2024 · The FJ44 has even been scaled down to create the FJ33 engine, which is used in very light jet category aircraft like the Cirrus Vision Jet. Baggage Capacity Flight Into Known Icing System Trailing-Link Landing Gear Modular Seating for Five Leather Interior Air Conditioning with Automatic Control USB Power Ports 8000 ft. This newly certified engine is the powerplant for the Cirrus Vision SF50 jet, with Cirrus expecting its own FAA type certification for the aircraft this summer. It also provides greater stability in high temperatures and at high altitudes, and access to additional airports in popular destinations around the world. 6 in. The engine's advantages include several technological advances that result in better bleed air handling and improved specific fuel consumption. Jan 2, 2015 · The Williams FJ44 engine of the CitationJet family has a fascinating history as it's based on the F107 turbofan used on American cruise missiles like the ALCM and the Tomahawk. It includes information on engine types, control systems, dimensions, weights, and oil and fuel specifications for models such as FJ33-5A and FJ44 series. ) Williams International FJ33-5A 1,846 lbs Mar 30, 2025 · Williams Fj33-5A Aircraft Engine, 20 Thrust/Fuel Consumed, 563 Aircraft Registrations The Williams FJ44 is a family of small, two-spool, turbofan engines produced by Williams International for the light business jet market. Les FJ33 sont une famille de Turbofan produite par Williams International et destinés à la propulsion des VLJ (Very Light Jet) Founded in 1955, Williams continues to expand the horizons of development, innovation, testing, production, and support to meet the growing demands of today’s turbine engine aviation industry. The lithium-ion batteries spin up the engine quickly with a fast charging recovery. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. E. Williams Jet FJ33-4. ) RETRACTABLE single FJ22 turbofan, 600lbf, 4 place, pressurized, 325knots. The FJ44/FJ33 family of engines are well known for their excellent thrust-to-weight ratio, fuel efficiency, and low acquisition and operating costs. The FJ33 was originally certified in 2004, with the FJ33-5A variant certified in 2016. May 5, 2025 · Williams FJ44-3ATW The Williams FJ44 is a family of small, two-spool, turbofan engines produced by Williams International/Rolls-Royce for the light business jet Jun 8, 2016 · Williams International's FJ33-5A Turbofan engine, which offers over 2000 pounds of thrust along with fuel efficiency and low emissions, has received its FAA Part 33 type certification. Thru Nov 29, 2006 · The engine selected for the Javelin Mk-20 is the Williams International FJ33-4-17M turbofan with Full Authority Digital Electronic Control (FADEC). Made of […] Improve decision-making and cost management with accurate, real-world variable and fixed costs data and performance specs for Cirrus Vision SF50 and over 500 other aircraft. 973 m Max Operating Altitude FL280 FL280 Stall Speed with Flaps 67 KCAS 67 KCAS Max Cruise Speed 300 KTAS 300 KTAS The Williams International FJ33 fanjet family incorporates technological advances developed under our FJ44 programs. [7] The D-JET is powered by a single Williams FJ33-4A turbofan engine, which is equipped with an electronically controlled full-authority digital engine control (FADEC) system. , detailing specifications, ratings, and compliance with FAA regulations. May 22, 2012 · Diamond D-Jet Engine – FJ33-5A On March 3, 2003 Diamond Aircraft selected the Williams International FJ33-4 engine (turbofan) to be the Diamond D-Jet engine. The type is powered by a single Williams FJ33-5A turbofan engine, which allows it to operate at a lower cost than its It amazes me that the FJ series engines don't have fuel nozzles besides the starter fuel nozzle. L. Sources suggest that the FJ33 is a scaled down version of the FJ44 engine. Our FJ33®/FJ44® Family of Engine ProductsDownload Williams Fanjet Family PDF May 5, 2025 · The Williams FJ33 is a family of turbofan jet engines intended for use in very light jet aircraft. Using elegant engineering solutions and embracing new ideas, Williams created a reliable, easy-to-maintain engine that was inexpensive to own and operate. The Diamond D-Jet will be powered by only one of the FJ33-5A engines with two inlet areas on the wing and the Diamond D-Jet mounted as Williams FJ33 Engine ️ The Williams FJ33 is a small yet powerful turbofan engine, crafted by Williams International to meet the demands of the growing market for light business jets and personal The Williams FJ44 is a family of small, two-spool, turbofan engines produced by Williams International for the light business jet market. Sam Williams and his namesake company would rise to prominence in the aviation industry with miniature . Jan 1, 2025 · Single engine turbofan aircraft. The Williams FJ33 is an American family of turbofan jet engines intended for use in very light jet aircraft. In 2008 they changed their selection to the new and improved Williams International FJ33-5A engine. EASA. Landing roll 1,900. Attachment 1 is a copy of the EASA TCDS No. Diamond D-Jet 28/01/2024 Terry Engine Williams FJ33-4A-19 turbofan Length 35 ft 1 in Height 11 ft 7 in Wing Span 37 ft 6 in Cabin seating 2 + 3 Pressurization 5. This engine is renowned for its efficiency, reliability, and performance, making it an excellent choice for the Vision Jet. BWB Jet Profiles Wingco seeks a partner interested in developing a family of certified turbofan BWB aircraft: 1. , headquartered in New Mexico, announced in June that the Williams FJ33-5A-12 turbofan engine will power the new EA700 “Project Canada,” an improved version of the Eclipse 500/550 aircraft. During cruise flight, the SF50 will burn 70 gallons (265 liters) per hour. 5,800. When it first appeared, the Vision Jet broke many norms and has become one of the world's fastest-selling aircraft in its class. Fuel Consumption: The Vision Jet typically consumes around 50 gallons per hour (GPH) at a cruise speed of approximately 180 knots. Engine thrust must be managed by the pilot within the limits prescribed in the Airplane Flight Manual. A Legacy Built on Innovation, Technology and Service The FJ33/FJ44 family began with the introduction of the simple, rugged FJ44-1A. May 10, 2012 · First Installation Will Be On Nextant 400XT EASA has awarded a type certificate to Williams International for its FJ44-3AP engine, an improved version of its popular FJ44-3A model. The Cirrus Vision SF50 is powered by a Williams International FJ33-5A turbofan engine, which offers impressive fuel efficiency. The FJ33-4 engine provides 1,400 lbs of thrust flat rated to 72°F. Overall height: 11 ft. E3GL for various models of turbofan engines produced by Williams International Co. The aircraft has a 14:1 glide ratio, up to 75 miles, and can usually reach an emergency airfield. "We closed the door on Merrill because it was just too big a leap. During my training for my Cirrus Jet SF50 type rating I found this excellent 3D printed model of a Williams International FJ33-5A jet engine. The engine provides 1,900 pounds nominal thrust, compared to 1,564 pounds for the FJ33-4A-15 version that was initially planned to power the D-JET. Aug 5, 2024 · Its Williams FJ33-4A-19 turbofan engine, mounted above the rear fuselage, delivers impressive thrust while maintaining fuel efficiency. Fuel slinger combustor, regenerative air-cooled gas turbine engine embodying the same, characterized by a pre-mix chamber in which fuel is well atomized by being projected against an impingement ring and further atomized and intimately mixed by the shearing action of cool unregenerated opposing swirling air. Dispatch of aircraft fitted with FJ44-1AP, FJ44-3A, FJ44-3A-24, FJ44-3AP, FJ44-4A, FJ44-4A-32, FJ44-4A-QPM or FJ33-5A engines is permitted with certain control system faults present subject to the limitations identified in Chapter 5 of the Airworthiness Limitations Section (ALS) of the applicable Maintenance Manual. Jun 7, 2016 · FAA OKs Williams FJ33-5A Turbofan Since the new FJ33 engine has been selected to power the Cirrus SF50 Vision and Flaris LAR1, it also includes sensor suite redundancy. Using innovative engineering solutions, Williams created a reliable and inexpensive to operate engine. Range 1,508 nm. With Efficient Performance: The SF50 is powered by a single Williams FJ33-5A turbofan engine, providing efficient performance with a cruising speed of around 300 knots (556 km/h) and a range of up to 1,200 nautical miles (2,222 kilometers). The newly optimised thrust profile provides up to 20% more power on take-off. L. The Vision Jet is powered to cruise at higher altitudes up to 25,000 feet, providing smoother rides above turbulence. 620 m Takeoff Over 50 ft. The -5A engine (certified in June 2016; the original FJ33 was certified in 2004) was designed for light jets in the 5000- to 9000-pound GTOW class. 2223 kg Maximum Usable Fuel 2000 lbs. With just a quick check of the systems, we taxied out to the WILLIAMS FJ44-1AP $250,000 AVAILABLE IMMEDIATELY Two FJ44 1206 hours TT 811 cycles As Removed Borescope available includes FADAC Computers Contact Ronald Butts - TIGER AIR INTERNATIONAL INC , Owner - located Palm Bay, FL 32908 United States Telephone: ---------- Posted October 27, 2025 Show all Ads posted by this Advertiser Recommend This Ad to Jun 2, 2017 · The Williams FJ33-5A-12 is a medium-bypass turbofan capable of producing up to 1900 lbs. The G2+ version of the Vision Jet features an optimized FJ33-5A engine that delivers up to 20% more power during As it has been since day one, the G2+ Vision Jet is powered by a Williams International FJ33-5A turbofan that produces 1846 pounds of thrust. The FJ33 was originally certified in 2004 Williams FJ33-5A (1800 lbs. The document also outlines the engine's lubrication systems and how bleed air is used to power Jun 9, 2016 · Williams International's new FJ33-5A turbofan engine has received its FAA Part 33 type certificate. The FJ33-5A is the latest version certified in June 2016. Mar 1, 2008 · Cirrus recently unveiled a mockup of a single-engine personal jet, but it will use a standard high-and-fast Williams FJ33 engine. C. 1 in. Williams' low-noise, third-generation wide-sweep fan technology coupled with advanced high work, high efficiency core components results in a high overall pressure ratio that provides light weight and extraordinary cruise fuel A Legacy Built on Innovation, Technology and Service The FJ33/FJ44 family began with the introduction of the simple, rugged FJ44-1A. Until the recent boom in the very light jet market, the FJ44 was one of the smallest turbofans available for civilian applications. 016 issue 12 dated 23 December 2020 which was the EASA version at 31 December 2020 and therefore the version of the TCDS for the FJ44/FJ33 Series Engines accepted by the UK in accordance with Article 15 of Annex 30 of the UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement. Embraer delivered the first example of the type later that same year. The document also outlines Take a look behind the cowlings of a Williams FJ44-3A Citation CJ3 jet engine. State-of-the Optimized Performance With the G2+ Vision Jet, the Williams FJ33-5A engine has been finely tuned with a newly optimized thrust profile that provides up to 20% increased performance during take-off – providing added reassurance in hot temperatures and high elevations and access to additional airports at popular destinations across the globe. The Maverick Jet Leader is a twin-engine, kit-built very light jet that debuted in 1999. This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them. The market for small jets has been red hot in the last few years, led by the emergence of new products such as the Embraer Phenom family, HondaJet and Cirrus Vision Jet. The aircraft can transport 4-7 passengers, though typically configured for 5, a range of 1,178 NM A Legacy Built on Innovation, Technology and Service The FJ33®/FJ44® family began with the introduction of the simple, rugged FJ44-1A. Fuel Additives: Icing Inhibitor: The use of icing inhibitor is required for the FJ44-1A and FJ44-2A engines. 5 psi Cabin altitude 8,000 ft @ FL250 Maximum ramp weight 5,690 lbs Useful load 2,240 lbs Maximum fuel 1,740 lbs Maximum cruise speed 315 ktas Certified ceiling 25,000 ft Time to climb to 25,000 feet 15 min Long range cruise speed 240 Mar 13, 2009 · STANDARD DATA: Gross wt. Overall length: 35 ft. The FJ33-4 is a scaled derivative of the highly successful and reliable FJ44 engine family used today on a growing number of business jets. 2. May 23, 2024 · The Williams FJ33-5A engine is designed to be highly fuel efficient, consuming around 160 gallons of jet fuel per hour. Overall, the SF50 provides an affordable combination of performance, comfort, and prestige for those seeking access to private air travel. The Williams FJ33/FJ44 family of turbofan engines began with the introduction of the simple and rugged FJ44-1A engine. Although a Williams design, Rolls-Royce was brought into the project at an early stage to design, develop, and manufacture an Sep 4, 2024 · Fuel Costs Fuel is one of the largest recurring expenses for any aircraft owner. As of October 2022, a gallon of Jet A-1 costs $3. The FJ33-5A delivers over 2,000 pounds of thrust, improved fuel economy, and a better than 6-to Max Zero Fuel Weight 4900 lbs. As a forward-thinking, privately owned and highly vertically Williams FJ33-5A Library gives Veryon users access to service information, illustrated parts catalogs, type certificates, and line maintenance manuals. ): 1740 Cabin altitude (ft. The Vision Jet’s Williams FJ33-5A consumes roughly 80 to 85 gallons (303 to 323 liters) at first because of the increased fuel burn for the climb. The -5A engine was certified in June 2016 (the original FJ33 was certified in 2004) and Williams designed the engine series for light jets in the 5000- to 9000-pound GTOW class. Sep 3, 2003 · Diamond Aircraft announces the selection of the Williams International FJ33-4 engine as the power plant for the new D-JET. Safety First Cirrus Aircraft has prioritized safety in the Vision Jet’s design. Takeoff run 1,800. Apr 20, 2021 · To be a truly sustainable fuel, it needs to be 100 percent SAF, such as the fuel used in the recent Williams International flight test. It has a maximum operating speed of 345 knots true airspeed and a range of up to 1,200 nautical miles. The aircraft has a maximum range of approximately 1,200 nautical miles, making it ideal for regional trips such as New York to Miami or Los Angeles to Denver. Nov 1, 2005 · Tellingly, Williams returned to those core values last year with its smallest FAA-certified engine in company history: the FJ33. So far it’s been working quite we’ll in the Cirrus. vva mfgk tjrkv psctt zoxhoe vglmyr jzc cicrm xqldy ycncss jlmm cncoqq vusa qcdpkm jlpp